Impact of Adhd on a Child’s Schooling - 1522 Words

William Schrupp Impact of ADHD on a Child’s Schooling SS3150: Research Methods Steven Smith Impact of ADHD on a Child’s Schooling Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common neurological disorder and is mainly diagnosed in childhood, although it can carry on into adulthood. ADHD often occurs in more in males than females. A child with ADHD might daydream, forget or lose things, fidget, talk too much, and having trouble socializing. School can be very challenging for a child with ADHD. A child with ADHD may have trouble concentrating in school, have difficulties reading and writing, and have trouble making friends and socializing. A child with ADHD has a hard time concentrating on schoolwork and paying†¦show more content†¦A child with ADHD may also have trouble in other classes, such as, math class. Math does not always come easily; solving math problems can be especially difficult for a child with ADHD. Math requires sustained attention in order to memorize the steps and understand fully how to work the problem, which a child with ADHD lacks the attention process that he/she needs to understand math and results in the child with ADHD getting low grades or failing the class. A child with ADHD may have trouble subtracting large numbers; they rely on finger counting, and have difficult solving problems with more than one step (aboutkidshealth). A child with ADHD may have trouble solving problems, deciphering which method to use when trying to solve a problem, and have a hard time figuring out and deciphering word problems. There has been case study research to see the effect of children ranging of all age to see how ADHD does affects them in school. EEG Education amp; Research Inc. is a corporation founded to educate and encourage growth in the field of Neurofeedback. It is comprised of a highly regarded and well trained Affiliate community of Neurofeedback professionals. Their mission is to educate fellow professionals in EEG biofeedback applications and techniques, publish clinical research, provide technical information and produce training materials. Berry Belt, who works for EEG, conducted a research on ADHD on a 13 year old boy. The boyShow MoreRelatedAttention Deficit Hyper Disorder ( Adhd ) Essay1410 Words   |  6 PagesAttention Deficit Hyper Disorder Attention Deficit Hyper Disorder, or ADHD, affects many children in the United States as well as young adults. ADHD in young children can lead to difficulty in concentrating and learning in school, as well as becoming a distraction to the classroom (Frazier, Youngstrom, Glutting, Watkins, 2007). Not only can ADHD cause problems in school, but it can also have an impact on other areas of that child’s life. These difficulties include making friends or listening to instructionsRead MoreWhat Is Adhd?. Adhd Stands For Attention Deficit Hyperactivity1564 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is ADHD? ADHD stands for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. It is also called ADD for short. ADHD is a brain disorder marked by an ongoing pattern of inattention and hyperactivity that interferes with the everyday life of a person. This developmental impairment of the brain’s self-management system includes problems with motivation, focusing on tasks and monitoring emotions to fit any given environment (Frank). According to the article, ADHD by the Numbers: Facts, Statistics, and YouRead MoreThe Power of Nature and Nurture Essay1562 Words   |  7 Pagescomplicated chains that are present throughout life and develop over time. Nature supporters believe that genes form a childs conscience and determine ones approach to life, contrasting with nature is the idea that children are born â€Å"blank slates,† only to be formed by experience, or nurture. Nurture is constituted of the influence of millions of complex environmental factors that form a childs character. Advocators of nature do not believe that character is predetermined by genes, but formed over timeRead More How Teachers Can Help Essay example2032 Words   |  9 Pagesafter students have reviewed the material and successfully progressed in guided practice they should be moved on to independent practice where they must be constantly monitored and praised. Lastly weekly/monthly reviews can be used to build the child’s fluency in the material he/she learned previously (DuPaul Stoner, 1994). These two strategies promote learning because they ensure that students are given the opportunity to apply what they have learned and work through any problems they may haveRead MoreThe Placebo Effect On Society1983 Words   |  8 Pageseffects on everyone. Society has been influenced for many years and every person has been affected in some way. Adults are impacted greatly by society and pressure, while children are being impacted by their parents and schooling. Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) is the main cause of children receiving low grades. Prescription medication has been said to help with this disorder. A myriad of studies and research have been conducted on the Placebo Effect and new discoveries are madeRead MoreEssay on What Home Schooling Really Is3901 Words   |  16 PagesWhat Home Schooling Really Is The educational thesaurus defines home schooling as provision of compulsory education in the home as an alternative to traditional public/private schooling- often motivated by parental desire to exclude their children from the traditional school environment (ERIC [EBSCO]). Home schooling is also defined by The Well Trained Mind website as Home schooling occurs when parents take charge of their childrens education -- organizing subjects, teaching lessons or arrangingRead MorePoverty And Its Effects On Children Essay1111 Words   |  5 Pageseven then, that is not enough. Approximately 3.1 million children die from hunger each year. Living in poverty creates barriers on children from achieving a higher education. 40 percent of children living in poverty are not prepared for primary schooling. Even before birth, children living in poverty can have a disadvantage because of prenatal drug use, environmental toxins, poor nutrition and exposure to stress and violence. These are more common in low-income households and have a major effectRead MoreChildren s Health Should Be Made By Medical Professionals1804 Words   |  8 Pagespatient treatment plans, experiencing intense schooling to achieve their degrees, an unvaccinated child is prone to additional disease/ infection, and is harmful to its surroundings and community, and medical professionals are able to accurately issue prescriptions for their patients, as these medical professionals know the various side-effects. Contention 1: Physical and Mental Treatment Plans and Options Medical professionals have experienced intense schooling in order to properly diagnose physical orRead MoreReview Of Yvette Graves Name Of The Draft One Time Essay920 Words   |  4 Pagesin the essay. Organization †¢ How effectively does the introduction engage the reader while providing an overview of the paper? The paper has a good start. †¢ Please identify the writer’s thesis and quote it in the box below. The impact of ADHD on a child’s schooling that effects their focus, staying still and remembering. How effectively do the paragraphs develop the topic sentence and advance the essay’s ideas? The student really needs to put more thought and effort into this area, the paperRead MoreEssay on The Impact of a Label: ADHD1998 Words   |  8 Pagestowards adhd, depression and learning disabilities. Journal of Research in Special Educational Needs, 13(4), 234-241. In this article from the Journal of Research in Special Educational Needs, Pote and Bellanca (2013) explore children’s attitudes towards ADHD other Learning Disabilities from a conative (measure of social distance) and cognitive (measure of positive or negative attributes ascribed to a person) perspective. The results of their study showed that characteristics associated with ADHD can

Essay about Good Will Hunting - 1974 Words

Good Will Hunting is a film which conveys many interlocking themes and messages to its viewers. One of these nicely woven themes is placing trust in the people we care about as well as people we have only recently become acquainted with. Another message, arguably more significant than the last is finding and pursuing the potential one has and bringing meaning into our lives in any form we choose. I believe the potential and success this film demonstrates is that success, growth, and meaning in a person’s life does not always have to come in the form of advancing in a career or social status but rather in the form of overcoming hardships and developing close reciprocating relationships. The character this film is primarily centered†¦show more content†¦Finally there is Sean Maguire. Sean is Will’s therapist after he is sentenced to either therapy or jail. Sean teaches psychology at a community college in Boston and also had a tough upbringing. Sean has generall y been lost and unhappy since his wife passed years ago. Professor Lambeau and Sean used to be old college roommates and Professor Lambeau is the one who refers Sean as a therapist for Will. The beginning of the film depicts Will solving equations left on a chalk board at MIT that not even the most gifted of students can solve. Professor Lambeau searches for the mysterious â€Å"student† who is solving the posted equations. He finds Will in a court room where he is being sentenced to time in prison after being involved in assault on the streets of Boston. A deal is made with the judge that Will will see a therapist and also study with Professor Lambeau in exchange for time in prison. Will is introduced to many therapists before Lambeau finally goes to his old friend Sean. After a rocky start, Sean starts to get through to Will. They discuss many things together from Will’s troubled past to the newly formed relationship he has with Skylar. Lambeau repeatedly tries to f orce Will into high profile job interviews while Will continually does not show up to them. This causes an argument between Lambeau and Sean. Trouble then begins to start between Will and Skylar after she tellsShow MoreRelatedThe Movie, Good Will Hunting Essay1338 Words   |  6 PagesThe movie, Good Will Hunting (1997), is about a young twenty-year-old man named Will Hunting. Will Hunting lives in a rather impoverished area in South Boston and is a young janitor who typically drinks with his friends in his free time, however, Will is actually an indiscreet self-taught genius. During the first week of classes at MIT, Will solves a difficult graduate-level math problem that one of the math professors left an extremely difficult problem on the board to challenge his students, inRead More Good Will Hunting Essay985 Words   |  4 Pages A studious young man, an open book these two images swirl around the screen in a kaleidoscope effect, this was the introductory scene of quot;Good Will Hunting.quot; This scene is followed by Ben Afflick, knocking on Wills door, when Will comes out a credit rolls by that says, quot;screenplay written by Ben Afflick and Matt Damon,quot; just as the two walk side by side. This shows how perfectly the makers of this movie have everything timed, down to the credits. Also, the timing shows whenRead MoreEssay on Good Will Hunting2845 Words   |  12 PagesThis paper will discuss the relationship between Will Hunting and the psychologist Sean Mcguire in the movie Good Will Hunting. The struggles that occur between these main characters will be analyzed and their meanings found. A basic outline of the movie will be included to give the larger picture and its influence upon the two men. An Analysis of the Movie Good Will Hunting and the Main Characters Will Hunting and Sean Mcguire Outline: 1. Description of the Movie a. Setting of the movie Read MoreMovie Analysis : Good Will Hunting 1553 Words   |  7 PagesTrevor Burkhead Professor Nyfeler EN 211 22 February 2017 Analytical Essay on the Movie â€Å"Good Will Hunting† I have watched a considerable number of movies this semester so it was hard to choose which one to analyze. It came down to â€Å"Remember the Titans† or â€Å"Good Will Hunting†. However, the movie that I will be analyzing is â€Å"Good Will Hunting†. The reason I chose this movie is that it can be analyzed in many different ways. I will be analyzing different scenes of the movie and analyze them fromRead MoreGood Will Hunting Reflection Essay1064 Words   |  5 Pagesfilm Good Will Hunting, the characters experience many emotions that impact their interpersonal relationships and communicative interactions. Taking into consideration that each character grew up with a different lifestyle, their interpersonal relationships and communicative interactions are affected in their continuing years. The film allows us to see different personalities in each character and how their emotions affect how they communicate. Characters in the movie Good WillRead MoreMovie Review : Good Will Hunting 914 Words   |  4 PagesThe film I chose to write about is one that I only saw a few months ago, which is â€Å"Good Will Hunting†. I have heard lots of people and critics praise this movie over the years, and after watching it I see why. It’s a very gripping story about a college aged janitor who grew up in broken foster homes, but has a genius level intellect and is wicked smaht. The protagonist of the movie is Will Hunting, he is a classic underachiever. The juxtaposition of his intellectual prowess and life circumstancesRead MoreGood Will Hunting And Sean Mcguire Essay1703 Words   |  7 PagesSelf-Disclosure: Finding the Good in Will Hunting’s Self-Concept The focus of this study will revolve around the relationship between Will Hunting and Sean McGuire, characters in the critically acclaimed film Good Will Hunting (See Appendix for a summary). In researching the film and different perspectives of interpersonal communication there could be many arguments made to social classification, how one associates and assumes roles within their particular group such as language, perception,Read MorePersonal Statement : Good Will Hunting850 Words   |  4 Pagesanother. This paper will discuss two of many interpersonal communication concepts. The two concepts are other-oriented and impersonal communication. Also these concepts will be explained and examples will be given from the movie Good Will Hunting. To start off with, Good Will Hunting is a story about an intelligent young man who struggles with finding his identity. Will the main character is an orphan who was abused as a child, and now as a young adult can’t seem to stay out of trouble. He is able to solveRead MoreMovie Analysis : Good Will Hunting1952 Words   |  8 Pagesgreat film, Good Will Hunting offers a great basis for which linguistic studies regarding dialect can be done. The film offers a great contrast in characters from â€Å"Southie† to prestigious high-class individuals. While there is a noticeable difference in the dialect used, the focus is primarily on stereotypes between the lower and upper-class individuals. Language and dialects help to reinforce the stereotypes regarding socio-economic classes. The division of dialect in Good Will Hunting reflects theRead MoreEssay on Analysis of the Film Good Will Hunting766 Words   |  4 PagesGood Will Hunting The movie Good Will Hunting shows a dramatic relationship between a teacher and student and also relationships between fellow teachers. The film helps you grow with the characters in order to anticipate and acknowledge the ways in which they interact with one another. It also incorporated the way that egos develop and arise due to relationships and how they can interact with the daily lives of people.

Effects of Counterculture free essay sample

These are some things that might come to mind when you think about the counterculture movement of the sass. But although it may seem that way, the sass was not just one giant party. It was a radical social, political, and cultural movement that changed America and much of the Western world. It consisted of students, anti-war protestors, political figures, social activists, environmentalists, civil rights movement leaders as well as famous musicians and was a movement rooted in the desire for change.Many factors contributed to the causes of this movement, and being such a radical and popular movement, there are also many lingering effects. This essay will investigate two major long term effects of this monumental movement. The two effects of which will be discussing are the increased widespread use of illicit drugs, and the sexual revolution. Such an influential and powerful movement could not have gone without changing the thoughts and opinions of many, and the counterculture of the 1 sass did just that. We will write a custom essay sample on Effects of Counterculture or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In a time where people gathered for three days of peace love and use at the Woodstock Festival in 1 969, many of these hippies often indulged in drugs and alcohol (Law). During the sixties, the group of casual LSI users in the hippie culture expanded into a subculture that advocated the drugs use as a method of raising consciousness. While psychologist and writer Dry.Timothy Leary brought to light the effects of these hallucinogenic drugs, psychedelic rock musicians such as the Grateful Dead, Jim Hendrix, The Doors, Jefferson Airplane and the Beetles gave them quite a bit of publicity, increasing public interest in psychedelic drugs such as LSI, psilocybin, and Mescaline (The Counterculture of the sass). This increased popularity and use of psychedelic drugs as well as recreational drugs such as Marijuana resulted in the widespread drug use that is often associated with the hippie culture and counterculture movement.The widespread use of recreational and psychedelic drugs in the 1 sass during the counterculture movement is what has resulted in the steady increase of illicit drug users since that time period. Since the sass, the amount of Americans t hat have tried Marijuana has increased tenfold. At a mere 4 percent in 1969, the percentage of Americans who admit they have smoked Marijuana at least once in their life is now 42% (Lynch). This is due to the counterculture movements ideas of expanding consciousness and turn on, tune in, drop out. These ideals have spilled over into seceding generations. If a parent was a hippie, part of the counterculture, and was at the Woodstock Festival of 1969, catching their child smoking Marijuana becomes less of a catastrophe. The more families there are like this, the more using recreational drugs becomes less significant. When you add all these factors together, it results in the increase in illicit drug use that weve seen over the past 50 years. Another lingering effect Of this powerful counterculture movement is the sexual revolution.Along with rock music and widespread drug use, another thing that hippies and their counterculture movement promoted was sexual freedom. During this time, increased support of the civil rights movement, feminist movement, and the gay liberation movement resulted in an increased acceptance of sex outside of traditional heterosexual, monogamous relationships. Also, the sexual revolution resulted in the production and spike in popularity of oral contraception, Duds, and diaphragms as well as abortion.The first birth control pill, Envied, went on the market in 1960. Unlike any other previous form of contraception, the pill was both reliable and controlled by the woman herself, requiring neither the consent nor the knowledge of her sexual partner (Cohen). The invention and sale of the pill resulted in a radical change in American women. Instead of a major focus on virginity, marriage, and traditional morals, the focus of the American woman shifted to independence, celebration of single life, and sexual exploration.The counterculture led to the exposure of radical social and cultural change that paved the way for the sexua l revolution. The sexual revolution shaped the ideals we have today about womens sexuality and homosexuality, pre-marital sexuality, and the freedom of sexual expression (People Events: The Pill). At the end of the day, we can still see some Of the lingering effects of one of the most powerful cultural movements in the history of mankind. What was once looked at as immoral, anarchistic, and evolutionary was actually one of the greatest and most influential movements in history.The effects of the counterculture movement of the sass can be felt in everyday life here in the United States of America and around the world. Although the movement did have negative effects on society, it resulted in some of the most radical cultural and social changes man has ever seen. It has helped to shape society into what it is today and form the opinions of many of the generations that came after it. The counterculture has helped to make me the person I am today and think it ill continue to influence generations to come.

The Synthesis of Alum Essay Example

The Synthesis of Alum Essay Some reasons for not getting a 100% may include the crystals still have moisture in them, any incorrect measurements, impurities in solutions, and the fact the crystals kept in the drawer were not weighed at the end. Despite the error alum was formed wrought the synthesis of aluminum foil proving that this experiment worked. More time spent in lab, more careful measurements, and the elimination of impurities would have dictated a more precise yield. A cloudy participate was made when barium chloride was added to alum and the test indicates the presence of SASS- in the form of Bases. A purple flame was produced when alum was placed over the Bunsen burner on the tip of a burn stick. This indicates the wavelength of alum is approximately Mann; using equations and constants the frequency and energy are obtained. When 1. 5 KOCH was added to the alum crystals and water, We will write a custom essay sample on The Synthesis of Alum specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Synthesis of Alum specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Synthesis of Alum specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Free Essays on Sadism, Masochism, and Exhibitionism

Index Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.pg.3 Content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.pg.4 Conclusions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..pg.7 Bibliography†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦pg.8 Introduction It is not a modern issue the fact that sexual fantasies appear in someone’s mind. Since humans exist the sexual desire has existed too; it is an instinct we born with. Nowadays it is turning more common the expressions of new methods to find the sexual pleasure. Some find it by simply being with a partner, others find it by using animals or children, but others reach such pleasure by watching other’s pain or even by feeling their own personal pain. These are psychological disorders presented in many humans even if they don’t seem as a sick person. Sadism, Masochism, and Exhibitionism are turning more popular among the people and this should be controlled. It is such an important matter in our society that we now at least a little about this disorders, that we present information about them, their symptoms, etc. The paraphiliac focus of Sexual Masochism involves the act of being humiliated, beaten, bound, or otherwise made to suffer. Some individuals are bothered by their masochist fantasies, which may be invoked during sexual intercourse or masturbation but not otherwise acted on. Others act on the masochist sexual urges by themselves or with a partner. Masochist acts that may be sought with a partner include restraint, blindfolding, paddling, spanking, whipping, beating, electrical shocks, cutting, â€Å"pinning and piercing† (infibulation), and humiliation. The individuals may have a desire to be treated as helpless infant and clothed in diapers (â€Å"infantilism†). One particular dangerous form of Sexual Masochism, called â€Å"hypoxyphilia†, involves sexual arousal... Free Essays on Sadism, Masochism, and Exhibitionism Free Essays on Sadism, Masochism, and Exhibitionism Index Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.pg.3 Content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.pg.4 Conclusions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..pg.7 Bibliography†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦pg.8 Introduction It is not a modern issue the fact that sexual fantasies appear in someone’s mind. Since humans exist the sexual desire has existed too; it is an instinct we born with. Nowadays it is turning more common the expressions of new methods to find the sexual pleasure. Some find it by simply being with a partner, others find it by using animals or children, but others reach such pleasure by watching other’s pain or even by feeling their own personal pain. These are psychological disorders presented in many humans even if they don’t seem as a sick person. Sadism, Masochism, and Exhibitionism are turning more popular among the people and this should be controlled. It is such an important matter in our society that we now at least a little about this disorders, that we present information about them, their symptoms, etc. The paraphiliac focus of Sexual Masochism involves the act of being humiliated, beaten, bound, or otherwise made to suffer. Some individuals are bothered by their masochist fantasies, which may be invoked during sexual intercourse or masturbation but not otherwise acted on. Others act on the masochist sexual urges by themselves or with a partner. Masochist acts that may be sought with a partner include restraint, blindfolding, paddling, spanking, whipping, beating, electrical shocks, cutting, â€Å"pinning and piercing† (infibulation), and humiliation. The individuals may have a desire to be treated as helpless infant and clothed in diapers (â€Å"infantilism†). One particular dangerous form of Sexual Masochism, called â€Å"hypoxyphilia†, involves sexual arousal...

The Effect of World War II on African-Americans and Japenese-Americans Essays

The Effect of World War II on African-Americans and Japenese-Americans Essays The Effect of World War II on African-Americans and Japenese-Americans Essay The Effect of World War II on African-Americans and Japenese-Americans Essay World War II and the Effects on African-Americans and Japenese-Americans It really is not a outstanding statement to say the World War II affected many American lives.How could an all encompassing war not affect every person in America?The extent to which the war influenced the lives of the African-American and the Japenese-American races can be argued to be far greater than many others.The African-Americans basis for the civil rights movement was a result of the progress made within the war effort, and the treatment of Japenese-Americans during the war made many challenge the purpose of Americans even being in the war. Many traditional patterns of life were challenged during the war, and many barriers to racial equality wavered or fell.For many it was hard to over look the similarities between anti-Semitism in Germany and racial discrimination in America.Many civil rights leaders saw this as an opportunity to open Americas eyes to the injustices right here in America.They began a Double V campaign, victory over Nazism abroad and victory over racism and inequality at home. (Henretta, 843) Even before America became actively involved in the war, many blacks were employed under the government.Leaders of the black race began to demand that the government require integration from defense contractors.When the government refused, a black union began to plan a March on Washington in the summer of 1941.Fearing the embarrassment of a public protest and even more, disruption of war preparations, Roosevelt gave in.In exchange for a cancellation of the march, Roosevelt issued Executive Order 8802.This prevented discrimination by employment of defense industries or government due to race, creed, color, or national origin. (Henretta, 844)The Fair Employment Practices Committee was created to oversee these practices.This was a major step for the

The Importance of Executing the New Agreement of the City Research Paper

The Importance of Executing the New Agreement of the City - Research Paper Example The legal issue was whether Gangnam Style was a vessel. In this case, Mr Park affirmed that the defendant’s never qualified as maritime transport or a vessel of maritime commerce, but rather designed as a floating structure that served as a shelter. Further, the city asserted that the vessel is capable of transporting goods and people over water. This was later supported by judge Cowell who supported the city’s argument that under federal law, the word vessel described the watercraft or any artificial machine used as a means of transportation on water. In explanation, the judge used plain meaning of the statute of Gangnam style as a vessel used for the purpose of transporting people or goods over water as indicated in order 1 under subsection 3 of Water transportation. In essence, the general provision of the rule is that a vessel is any machine that offers means of water transportation. While it appeared the Congress never intended to group boats like Gangnam style in the act, the main responsibility was to interpret the law as written. As indicated, the rule provides that a vessel includes any means of water transportation that can transport people and goods. Following this, the judge interpreted the law as defined in the act that a vessel is any machine used for transportation over water. From the mentioned case, there are various things that are worth considering before giving the answers to the legal issue. First, it is important to note that Mr Park, a known Korean artist, purchased the Defendant’s boat, Gangnam style and later used the vessel as a primary residence until April 2012.

Hyundai Motor Companys global performance with regards to fulfilling Essay

Hyundai Motor Companys global performance with regards to fulfilling its corporate social responsibility - Essay Example To illustrate, Hyundai Motor’s Chinese subsidiary won the ‘2011 Most Responsible Corporate Citizen’ award for the firm’s efforts in various social welfare fields. The Hyundai greatly supports the Chinese government in poverty reduction, traffic safety, sand prevention and control, and several other areas4. It is estimated that the company’s investments in the field of environmental sustainability in China would reach nearly 4.1 trillion and those investments may account for clean diesel vehicles, electric vehicles, and Blue Drive development plan5. In India, the Hyundai Motor India Foundation (HMIF) has made investments worth more than 20 million rupees in different social welfare programs6. The organization has begun its â€Å"Go Green† village based project in Tamil Nadu (an Indian State) in 2011 with intent to improve living standards of the region’s villages7. Considering the Hyundai’s contributions to the State, the company has been given the ‘Corporate Social Responsibility Award’ and ‘Best Commercial and Industrial Institution’ award by the Tamil Nadu State government8. According to Biwalkar, the Brand Trust Report study conducted in India in 2011, Hyundai was selected as the country’s 43rd most trusted brand9. Hyundai’s corporate responsibility programs benefit Chinese and Indian societies. To illustrate, these economies are still at developing phase and therefore they struggle to meet increasing infrastructure facilities and other living condition requirements arising out of a high level population growth. Evidently, the emerging economies greatly support Hyundai’s business and arrange improved operational facilities for the... This essay discusses that modern society is highly concerned about environmental sustainability more than ever before. Consumers today tend to discourage businesses which are likely to cause toxic emissions or other forms of pollution. While analyzing the industrial world, it seems that majority of the organizations raises some sorts of challenges to ecological balance. For a multinational corporation like Hyundai Motor Company, the world’s fourth largest automobile manufacturer, the potential for environmental damage is higher. Since combustion of fossil fuels constitutes a huge portion of greenhouse gas emissions, modern consumers are increasingly switching their demand to eco-friendly vehicles. The most noticeable achievement of Hyundai is that the company could markedly reduce CO2 emissions on the strength of technological innovations. According to Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 2011 Trends Report, Hyundai Motor America was ranked as the top automobile manufacturer in terms of fuel efficiency and CO2 emissions. Through its quality innovations, Hyundai developed green cars that are capable of reducing CO2 emissions and thereby promoting environmental sustainability. Reports indicate that such innovations assisted Hyundai to lower the CO2 emission volumes of its new models including i10, i20, and i30 blue to the range of 100g/km. Although the company has been successful in designing and executing social welfare programs as compared to other automobile manufactures, it still contributes to environmental and other social issues.

Pateint Non Transport Guidlines Ambulance Essay Example for Free

Pateint Non Transport Guidlines Ambulance Essay Comprehensive documentation provides a defence for Paramedics in a very contentious world. Without documentation, it is very hard to show that something occurred. Thorough timely documentation and the use of the VIRCA method should not be seen as additional and unnecessary paperwork. Instead, it should offer the Paramedic some peace of mind. It has been established at law that a Paramedic owes a duty of care to their patient. The QAS as an organization also owes its patients a duty of care. As such, it is vital that the QAS perform their job professionally and correctly. This is because once a duty of care is established; the QAS has to ensure that they do not breach that duty. Virca Does not apply to case where transport is not required, but the documentation still needs to be completed with all Patient details and applied management and advice given. Patients who refuse transport. There is still a concern amongst Paramedics that they have no defence against negligence apart from transporting every person they attend. In some instances this has not been the case. Documentation provides a defence; and as such, documentation is an integral part of the treatment for each patient a Paramedic attends. It is an established legal truism that a person of sound mind has the right to self-determination; they can choose what is done (or not done) to their body. The voluntary choices and decisions of an adult person of sound mind concerning what is or is not done to their body, must be respected and accepted, irrespective of what others, including doctors, may think is in the best interests of that particular person. The difficulty arises when there is doubt over whether a person is of sound mind. However, in cases where the person does have an adequate mental capacity, a patient does have the right not to be transported. As such, Paramedics need not fear the worst if they are faced with a patient who refuses transport. Instead, they need to have a good understanding of the legal principles behind patients who refuse transport, and its correct documentation. This leads to the next section. Method for Correct Documentation for Non-Transport E-ARF’s – VIRCA The correct method for documentation where a patient refuses transport is to use the VIRCA acronym. V – Refusal must be made voluntarily. I – Pt must be informed of their condition, and risks associated with that condition if they are not transported. R – Refusal must be made relevant to the circumstances. C – Pt must have the capacity to refuse. A – Pt must be provided with sound discharge advice. Every time a Paramedic attends a patient who refuses transport, it is necessary to document that fact by using the VIRCA method. Each element needs to be addressed separately and applied to the particular circumstances of the individual case. How to Integrate Patient Assessment and VIRCA. Having examined each element, there is a need to look at the big picture of patient treatment where the patient refuses transport. As per a memorandum from the Commissioner, a Paramedic should: 1. Assess the patient systematically whenever possible. Of course, sometimes a patient may be aggressively non-compliant, and a full assessment will not be possible. However, even from distant observation a Paramedic should be able to assess some areas. For example, obvious external haemorrhage, incontinence, inappropriate behaviour or language, forced respirations can all be obtained from a patient at a distance. All these findings need to be documented. If possible, try to establish a provisional diagnosis from these findings. Also, don’t forget to obtain history from the patient’s friends, QPS, or from bystanders. They may be able to give a Paramedic a very useful rundown of events, which can help in assessing the patient’s condition. Advise the patient. Inform the patient of your clinical findings, and suggest to them your provisional and differential diagnoses. Make sure they understand the information you are providing them with, as this forms part of the assessment of their capacity to refuse treatment and/or transport. The next step is to inform the patient of the potential risks inherent in them not being transported to a medical facility. It is important to be realistic, or the patient may not believe you. It is very rare, that people will die for trivial complaints but this may cause the patient to doubt your credibility if you seem to over communicate the condition they have if only minor. It is better to provide the patient with more realistic examples of what may happen, and then conclude with the possibility, even if unlikely, that paralysis or death may result. Please note that if a injury or illness may lead to death, however unlikely, then you must inform the patient of this. The point is to be sensible when explaining it, or the impact may be wasted, and the seriousness of the situation be replaced with incredibility. 3. Assess the Validity of the Refusal. To assess the refusals validity, simply apply the VIRCA acronym. Other Alternatives. If the patient is not compliant with the advice of QAS officers, consider other alternatives. If the patient will not go to a hospital, does he have a family doctor that will come to see him? Could family members be used to help convince the patient of the necessity to receive transport? If necessary, consider the use of QPS in assisting with transport, especially patients that may come under the Mental Health Act provisions. Document thoroughly using VIRCA. Having completed all other steps, it is now necessary to document all the above steps to paper. Complete an E-ARF as per the CPM guidelines, including a provisional diagnosis. The E-ARF should be completed with the same care as for any other patient, notwithstanding that the patient may have already left the scene. Include in the E ARF each of the VIRCA steps, and apply them to the circumstances of the case. See the applied example in the next section for a practical application of this.

Criminal Accountability and the Essay example -- Biology Essays Resear

Criminal Accountability and the "I" Function The prevalence and misuse of the insanity defense in our legal system is astounding. Cases upon cases site drugs, brain tumors, car accidents involving head injury, blackouts and antisocial behavior as circumstantial evidence of a crime that was committed. These crimes involve murder, rape and robbery. The question of where criminal accountability lies and how we are able to hold someone accountable for an act may boil down to the brain itself. Where in the brain do reason, morality and inhibition lie? If these areas are affected by some disorder does that then mean that a criminal is no longer held accountable for their actions? Is there a specific area of the brain where accountability itself may lie? These seem to be questions that are not only debated in the classroom, but hospitals and courtrooms as well. The classic example of this dilemma is the case of Phineas Gage. Phineas lived circa 1845 and was a railroad worker known for being a kind and generous family man. However, Phineas suffered from a unfortunate accident. After a dynamite explosion caused a metal rod to be passed through Phineas's head, he was a changed man. Phineas no longer was interested in family life, his personality seemed somehow changed. He became a drifter and a rebel and has left scientists wondering to this day how he was able to be totally unaffected by a metal rod being passed through his skull despite the obvious change in his moral reasoning and values (1). This has led neurologists to believe that moral reasoning and the existence of values may be localized to one are of the brain. How else can we explain Phineas? Neuroscientists at the University of Iowa were interested in this phenomeno... ...ing of the brain itself. The legal system has to follow brain research. While we may not find exactly where the "I" is, we can become much closer to understanding what disorders truly effect the ability to understand one's actions and be held accountable for them. WWW Sources 1) Cyberpunks.org , http://cyberpunks.org/display/176/article/ 2) The Biological Basis of Morality part 2 , http://www.theatlantic.com/issues/98apr/bio2.htm 3)"> The Biological Basis of Morality , http://www.theatlantic.com/issues/98apr/biomoral.htm 4)"> Aggression and Insanity , http://www.forensic-psychologist.com/pub/or12-3.html 5)"> Mincey vs. Head , http://www.law.emory.edu/11circuit/mar2000/97-9078.man.html 6)"> Mental Illness and Criminal Responsibility , search results for "insanity defense" and "mental illness" https://web.lexis-nexis.com/universe/,

The Da Vinci Code and the Last Supper

When it comes to world-famous paintings, Leonardo Dad Vine's â€Å"Last Supper† is always on the top of the list. What is it that, even now, 500 years after its creation in 1498, makes â€Å"Last Supper† such a mysterious and conspiracy-laden painting? First, there is a level of mystery surrounding its creator, Leonardo Dad Vinci. Not only was Dad Vinci an influential painter, he was also an engineer, sculptor, designer, and scientist. His ingenious concepts in many subjects and technological inventions were so advanced for the 14th to 1 5th century technology that even some 20th-century inventors, like he Wright brothers, pulled from his work.There have been a lot of theories on Dad Vine's life and on his paintings and it is believed that â€Å"Last Supper† contained hidden messages, which Dad Vinci encoded in the painting himself. This essay will examine what these theories are and how they are counter argued by scholars and art historians. Although there have been many fiction novels about Dad Vine's â€Å"Last Supper†, Dan Brown's novel The Dad Vinci Code, published in 2004, garnered an enormous amount of support from the world wide readers. It brought up a huge scandal on Jesus that, e and Mary Magdalene were lovers and in fact there was a child (or children) between them.In the novel, a secret group, â€Å"Prior of Soon,† protects the descendants of Jesus until today. Dad Vinci, as a member of â€Å"Prior of Soon†, was aware of the truth about Jesus and Mary so he encoded this secret in â€Å"Last Supper† to send out the message . â€Å"The Dad Vinci Code† changed some of its readers' beliefs toward their religion, but scholars say this novel is merely based on fiction. In the words of Renaissance art expert Elizabeth Pillion, â€Å"†¦ It is severely flawed. As a reader of fiction, I think it is a tremendously entertaining view' . The Dad Vinci Code† says that, in Dad Vine's â€Å"Last S upper†, the figure sitting on the right side of Jesus is obviously a female person; the figure does not have a beard like rest of the disciples and the figure's hand is placed closest to Jesus' right hand, suggesting that the two are physically close. Scholars argue that there have been a lot of paintings on the subject of the Last Supper, and it had been common to depict John next to Jesus and beardless. Disco did Boniness's â€Å"Last Supper† from the early 14th century portrayed John in similar ways.In Disco's â€Å"Last Supper,† John is sitting on the left side of Jesus, beardless and leaning on Jesus. Domenici Grandchild's version of â€Å"Last Supper† also has the same description of John, in which he is sitting on the left side of Jesus, leaning on the shoulders. Why do John's illustrations share these similarities, when all these paintings were created over a century apart from each other? The Bible has all the answers. John is known to as Jesus' m ost beloved disciple; in fact, the Bible specifically refers to John as â€Å"the disciple, the one whom Jesus loved†¦ [John 20:2;], and this phrase appears our times throughout the Gospel of John . The Bible describes the scene at the Last Supper with specific details of the position of John and Jesus; â€Å"It is the Beloved Disciple who, while reclining beside Jesus at the Last Supper, asks Jesus, after being requested by Peter to do so, who it is that will betray him† [John 13:23-25]. Both Disco and Garlanding were absolutely correct in terms of the position of Jesus and John according to the Bible and the appearance of John is also similar in both paintings.These three painters' versions of â€Å"Last Supper† are not the only paintings n the same subject; in fact, the earliest depiction of the last supper occurs in the frescos of the Catacomb of Rome from the 6th century . There were some conventions created when many painters drew the â€Å"Last Supperâ₠¬  over the centuries, and Leonardo Dad Vinci was simply following these conventions in accordance with both the Bible and earlier â€Å"Last Supper† depictions created by other painters.Dan Brown's â€Å"the Dad Vinci Code† disregarded the facts about these traditions, yet described Leonardo â€Å"Last Supper† as if everything started from it; therefore, the readers are biased with this faulty concept. Another argument made by Dan Brown has to do with SST. Peter, who is sitting next to the female figure. The novel's interpretation of SST. Peter is that he was against the relationship between Jesus and Mary Magdalene; therefore, he was illustrated showing a sign of execution on the female figure's neck, and he is holding a knife with his right hand as a threat.The author says that Dad Vinci wouldn't have drawn these features unless they meant something, but scholars argue differently. Iconography is one of the characteristics of Renaissance arts, which includes symbolism in the paintings . Pewter's holding a knife at the Last Supper is actually a Christian symbol, foreseeing of the event followed by the Last Supper. In Disco's painting, it is observed that there are a lot of knives present on the table. Although Peter is not holding a knife in this painting, the knives serve as symbolism.It is more obvious in Grandchild's â€Å"Last Supper,† in which Peter is actually holding a knife in his right hand. Contrary to Dan Brown's explanation, it does not look like Peter is threatening someone else. The reference to Pewter's knife appears in the Bible. When Judas showed up with soldiers to arrest Jesus, Peter fought back and cut off the ear of the high priest's servant, named Mulches [John 18:10]. By illustrating Peter with a knife in his hand, it serves as foreshadowing of a future event.It is wrong to say that, because Peter is holding a knife in the painting, it has a meaning of threatening other person, but it serves as a symbolism off future event. What appears to be Pewter's showing an execution gesture on John's neck is, in fact, a misinterpretation made by â€Å"the Dad Vinci Code†. As discussed above, the Bible has some specific details on the ignitions of Peter and John. â€Å"It is the Beloved Disciple who, while reclining beside Jesus at the Last Supper, asks Jesus, after being requested by Peter to do so, who it is that will betray him† [John 13:23-25].Leonardo Dad Vine's â€Å"Last Supper† is describing the scene of Pewter's requesting John to ask Jesus. Dan Brown's explanation of the gesture of Peter is misleading for its readers; therefore, it is only a fictional setting and it should not be taken seriously. Dan Brown was very clever to use Leonardo Dad Vinci as the theme of the book, and he fact that everyone loves to believe a worldwide conspiracy made â€Å"the Dad Vinci Code† very successful fiction novel.It is remarkable how a novel can have so much impact on the wo rldwide reader's views, even on religion, although this particular example shows how dangerous in can be. The readers who do not have much knowledge in art history or religious history can easily be biased with these fictional interpretations mentioned above. When reading these kinds of novels, it is the reader's responsibility to be open-minded and seek the truth themselves instead of being fully influenced by the author.

People Become Overly Dependent on Technology

Environmental pollution and methods for treatment Pollution is the introduction of contaminates into the natural environment that cause adverse change , pollution can taken the form of chemical substances or energy such as noise , heat and light. The components of pollution can be either foreign substances, enrrgies or natural occurring contaminates . pollution is often classed as point source or non point source pollution. The BlackSmith issues an annual list of the world's worst ploouted places . n the 2007 issues the ten top nominess are located in Azerbaijan, China, India, Peru, Russia, Ukraine, Zambia. There are forms of pollution , which surround us from all directions . Firstly, Air pollution :- the release of chemicals and particulates into the atmosphere common gaseous pollutants include carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, chlorofluoro carbons and nitrogen oxides produced by industry and motor vehicles . photochemical ozone and smog are created as nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbo ns react to sunlight . econdly, light pollution :- include light trespass, over –illumination and astronomical interference . Thirdly, noise pollution :- which encompasses road way noise, air craft noise, industrial noise as well as high – industrial sonar. Fourthly, visual pollution:- which can refer to the presence of over head power lines , motor way bill boards , scarred landforms ( as form strip mining) ,open storage of trash, municipal solid waste or space debris . ifthly, water pollution:- by the discharge of untreated sewage , release of waste and contaminates into surface waters, discharges of untreated domestic sewage, and chemical contaminates into surface runoff flowing to surface waters . finally, thermal pollution:- is temperature change in natural water bodies caused by human influence , such as use of water as coolant in a power plant, also radio active contaminates resulting from 20th century activities in atomic physics , such as nuclear power generat ion and nuclear weapon research , manufacture and deployment.Effects of pollution on human health , adverse air quality can kill many organisms including humans , ozone pollution can cause respiratory disease, cardiovascular disease , throat inflammation, chest pains and congestion, water pollution causes approximately 14,000 deaths per day, mostly due to contaminates of drinking water by untreated seage in developing countries. An estimated 700 million Indians have no access to a proper toilet and 1,000Indian children die of diarrhoeal sickness every day, Nearly 500 million Chinese lack access to safe drinking water , 656,000 people die prematurely each year in china because of air pollution . In India , air pollution is believed to cause 527,700 fatalities a year , studies have estimated that the number of people killed annually in the us could be cover 50,000. Oil spills can cause skin irritations and rashes. Noise pollution induces hearing loss, high blood pressure, stress and s leep disturbance.Mercury has been linked to developmental deficits in children and neurologic symptoms. Older people are majorly expose to disease induced by air pollution. Those with heart or lung disorders are under additional risk. Children and infants are also at serious risk. Lead and other heavy metals have been shown to cause neurological problems. Chemicals and radioactive substance can cause cancer and as well as birth defect.

Jfk Assassination Essays (1448 words) - Lee Harvey Oswald

Jfk Assassination Essays (1448 words) - Lee Harvey Oswald Jfk Assassination FCA: Matt Motta Organization- /30 4/3/00 Support- /40 Block H Documentation- /30 JFK Assassination John F Kennedy was shot down unlawfully in his prime. That is a pin that has been in the nations back since it happened back on November 22, 1963. A theory that has lead the race of who killed JFK was the Lone Gunman theory of Lee Harvey Oswald. Since this theory has been so inconclusive, other theories have appeared and are catching up to Lee Harvey Oswald. Some of these theories are just ridiculous but on the other hand ,some are very possible. The most plausible theory is that Lee Harvey Oswald shot John F Kennedy during his drive through Dallas, there is not enough evidence to convict Oswald, so other theories have come about. On November 22, 1963, President Kennedy took a trip to Dallas, Texas to mend some old news with the democrats and to gain votes for the upcoming 1964 election. In Dallas, JFK was greeted by over 200,000 spectators through the uptown and downtown Dallas area. A motorcade had driven them to the Dallas Trade Mart where JFK was to make a speech, later on that day. JFK, along with his wife Jackie, traveled with Texas Governor John Connally and his wife Nellie drove to Dallas Love Field, where they arrived at 11:37 A.M. The motorcade then took a right from Harwood St., onto Main Street, headed towards Dealey Plaza, a park built to celebrate the birthplace of Dallas. The car then made a right turn onto Houston Street. Nellie Connolly, at this point turned to President Kennedy , and said you cant say Dallas doesnt love you.(Moore NP) Then the gunshot fired that woke up the world. At 12:30 P.M., on November 22, 1963, shots rang out in Dealey Plaza. To some of the witnesses on the scene, the first sounded like a firecracker. (Kritzberg 63) President Kennedy had wounds on his back, his throat, and numerous shots to the head. Governor Connally suffered a wound in his back, his chest, two wounds in his right wrist, and a wound in his left thigh. Fortunately, these wounds were not fatal for the Governor. (Donnelly 116-120) A bystander named James Tague was wounded on his cheek by a bullet and/or concrete fragments caused by a missed shot. (Kritzberg 63) Witnesses at the scene heard anywhere from 2 shots to 7 shots. It was concluded these shots came out a rifle. The rifle was later found hidden behind some boxes as well as three empty cartridge cases in the same room as the suspected shooting, in the Texas School Book Depository Building. The police were later accused of planting the rifle and cartridge cases. President Kennedy was pronounced dead at 1 p.m., central standard time. (Donnelly 69) The most suspected shooter was Lee Harvey Oswald. Oswald belonged to the Marine Corp for most of his life. Oswald was trained in radar electronics, and had a background in security clearance. Oswald had experience with rifles, contacts in the CIA, possibly the Soviet Union and the KGB. The government claims that Oswald was just someone off the street who had a grudge against Kennedy. (Benson 190-193) Oswald was a communist, which would mean the Oswald believed that the president was no better than any other man. His beliefs made him an instant suspect for the CIA. (Benson 147) A major point in the discussion if Oswald did it or not is that the parade was running 6 minutes late. This means Oswald wouldnt have known, which he means he was waiting at the window for at least 6 minutes which he wasnt. Throughout the assassination Oswald was said to have been in the lunch room , however , no one could provide proof that they had seen him in the room where the shots were fired. Police swarmed the Texas School Book Depository Building believing the shots came from the third floor. On their way, they found Oswald sitting in the Lunch Room composed and quietly eating his lunch. (Kritzberg 60, 61, 69)Officer Baley was the police officer who entered the building after the shots were fired. When he did , he found Oswald in the Lunch Room. This created a problem in the timing element of the assassination. If Oswald were the shooter, then he would have needed to run four floors to the window where the shots were fired, then run back in 90 seconds to the lunch room. Oswalds arrest seems suspicious at this point because had he fired 4 shots and ran four floors as well

Factors That Affect the Chemical Reaction Rate

Factors That Affect the Chemical Reaction Rate Its useful to be able to predict whether an action will affect the rate at which a chemical reaction proceeds. Several factors can influence the chemical reaction rate. In general, a factor that increases the number of collisions between particles will increase the reaction rate and a factor that decreases the number of collisions between particles will decrease the chemical reaction rate. Concentration of Reactants A higher concentration of reactants leads to more effective collisions per unit time, which leads to an increased reaction rate (except for zero-order reactions.) Similarly, a higher concentration of products tends to be associated with a lower reaction rate. Use the partial pressure of reactants in a gaseous state as a measure of their concentration. Temperature Usually, an increase in temperature is accompanied by an increase in the reaction rate. Temperature is a measure of the kinetic energy of a system, so higher temperature implies higher average kinetic energy of molecules and more collisions per unit time. A general rule for most (not all) chemical reactions is that the rate at which the reaction proceeds will approximately double for each 10Â °C increase in temperature. Once the temperature reaches a certain point, some of the chemical species may be altered (e.g., denaturing of proteins) and the chemical reaction will slow or stop. Medium or State of Matter The rate of a chemical reaction depends on the medium in which the reaction occurs. It may make a difference whether a medium is aqueous or organic; polar or nonpolar; or liquid, solid, or gaseous. Reactions involving liquids and especially solids depend on the available surface area. For solids, the shape and size of the reactants make a big difference in the reaction rate. Presence of Catalysts and Competitors Catalysts (e.g., enzymes) lower the activation energy of a chemical reaction and increase the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process. Catalysts work by increasing the frequency of collisions between reactants, altering the orientation of reactants so that more collisions are effective, reducing intramolecular bonding within reactant molecules, or donating electron density to the reactants. The presence of a catalyst helps a reaction to proceed more quickly to equilibrium. Aside from catalysts, other chemical species can affect a reaction. The quantity of hydrogen ions (the pH of aqueous solutions) can alter a reaction rate. Other chemical species may compete for a reactant or alter orientation, bonding, electron density, etc., thereby decreasing the rate of a reaction. Pressure Increasing the pressure of a reaction improves the likelihood reactants will interact with each other, thus increasing the rate of the reaction. As you would expect, this factor is important for reactions involving gases, and not a significant factor with liquids and solids. Mixing Mixing reactants increases their ability to interact, thus increasing the rate of a chemical reaction. Summary of Factors The chart below is a summary of the main factors that influence the reaction rate. There is typically a maximum effect, after which changing a factor will have no effect or will slow a reaction. For example, increasing temperature past a certain point may denature reactants or cause them to undergo a completely different chemical reaction. Factor Affect on Reaction Rate temperature increasing temperature increases reaction rate pressure increasing pressure increases reaction rate concentration in a solution, increasing the amount of reactants increases the reaction rate state of matter gases react more readily than liquids, which react more readily than solids catalysts a catalyst lowers activation energy, increasing reaction rate mixing mixing reactants improves reaction rate

Germany Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Germany Project - Essay Example Stories like Binjamin Wilkomirski's Fragments are accepted with no proof. In fact, to question a survivor story is to risk the case of being called anti-Semitic. Finkelstein has pointed out that today's society wants to be victims. Whether a Jew, African American, Native American, homosexual, woman, or other minority groups, people want to belong to a victim group. While Finkelstein did intensive research, his use of imagery and outlandish words make this story a little less credible. If he would have stuck to just the facts, Finkelstein might have gotten his point across better. Finkelstein points out that real history is being ignored in favor of an exaggerated glorified account that exploits the true Jewish suffering in the 'Nazi holocaust'. When first approaching this book, many readers might think Finkelstein is being anti-Semitic. However Finkelstein raises some good points. His main point is the Nazi holocaust happened. It is a historical event. The Nazis committed crimes agai nst humanity. Finkelstein acknowledges that the Nazi holocaust was wrong, but he wants the world to sympathize will all suffers not just the Jews of the Nazi holocaust. His point is war and atrocities have happened since the beginning of man and still occur. All of these atrocities are horrible; the Nazi holocaust is not any less horrible, but not more horrible than any other atrocity. By using the Holocaust as beacon to rally people to the Jewish cause dishonors the victims and survivors. He explains: The claims of Holocaust uniqueness are intellectually barren and morally discreditable, yet they persist. The question is, Why? In the first place, unique suffering confers unique entitlement. The unique evil of the Holocaust, according to Jacob Neusner, not only sets Jews apart from others, but also gives Jews a "claim upon those others." (Finkelstein 25) All human suffering should be sympathized with, not just the suffering during the Nazi holocaust. This is not to lessen or dismiss the Nazi holocaust, only to put it in proper perspective. Finkelstein suggests after World War II no one in America, or around the world cared about the Nazi holocaust. Some historians theorize that Jews did not want to talk or share about their horrible experience. Finkelstein dismisses this theory. He believes that no one wanted to know or think about it, especially in America. Finkelstein explains: The standard explanation is that Jews were traumatized by the Nazi holocaust and therefore repressed the memory of it. In fact, there is no evidence to support this conclusion. No doubt some survivors did not then or, for that matter, in later years want to speak about what had happened. Many others, however, very much wanted to speak and, once the occasion availed itself, wouldn't stop speaking. The problem was that Americans didn't want to listen. (Finkelstein 9) Even American Jews did not want to listen. After the war everyone wanted to forget about the atrocities of World War II. The Allies had won. It was a time for victory, not time to remember how many Jews had died. The Holocaust Industry began after the United States started backing Israel as part of US Foreign Policy. When Israel fought the War of Independence America cautiously backed the Arabs due to the oil in the region. It did not look like Israel would survive. However after Israel not only won, but doubled their land size, the US started

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 8

Marketing - Essay Example The corporate strategy plays a significant role at building a bridge between the company’s inner policies and the undertakings it has with the various stakeholders, who could be from the external marketing settings. (Korzeniowski, 2001) In the world of today, external marketing environment has gained a lot of essence due to the fact that it brings into picture the real role of the channel members, middle line managers and wholesalers as well as other personnel who do their bit towards completing different activities and tasks, coming directly under the auspices of the organization’s hold. (Applbaum, 2004) What is therefore necessary in such a situation is to be open to all forms of criticisms which could be raised by the various stakeholders and parties hailing from the external marketing environment and the related regimes. This will present the said organization with a host of options when it devises a plan to counter the problems which it is facing at the hands of the external marketing environment and the different players present within the very same environmental settings. Problems stumbled upon by the business at one region or at a local franchise would mean that the company should be ready to bear losses of an unimaginable cost. More than that, the company will lose its self-won respect and dignity around which shareholders and owners, etc are revolving around. The big companies that are internationally marketed cannot compete with everyone. They have to set their own competitors in the particular field and then go about competing with each other. Negative diplomacy and marketing should in no way create upheaval and turbulence for the people to raise fingers upon. Rather the company should find out and select certain businesses, which will help it in its smooth running (of business). (Wells, 1998) There can be a number of factors, which can bring about

Marriage and children Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Marriage and children - Research Paper Example One of the most fundamental reasons for people to get married is to have children. Although babies can be made outside a marital relationship, that is a heinous crime and sin from the religious perspective as well as unacceptable and unethical form the social perspective. This can be estimated from the fact that kids that are born to parents that do not have a marital bond between them are termed as â€Å"bastards†. This is frequently used as an abuse in several societies which speaks of their hatred for the act of fornication outside of marriage. Children are provided with a perfect environment for their moral and ethical nurturing and psychological well-being in a nuclear family system. They can approach their mother and father whenever they need either or both of them. In the nuclear family system, both mother and father have well-defined roles and responsibilities. Fathers earn the money and mothers manage the domestic works. The roles and responsibilities of father and mo ther remain the same in blending families, though children may take some time to adjust with the biological parent’s new marital partner. Children see their fathers as social role models and mothers as domestic role models. On the other hand, children adopted by homosexual couples are exposed to a lot of risks. The sacred institution of marriage forms the basis of a civilized society. It enables the marital partners to make love with each other without offending any rule of the society and most importantly, the religion.

The Epic of Gilgamesh Essay Example for Free

The Epic of Gilgamesh Essay The Epic of Gilgamesh is a third person journey about a man’s change from bad to good because of a character named Enkidu. Gilgamesh starts out a mean spirited, bitter, tyrant-like man and turns to a good humble like hero. Throughout the story different experiences and journeys lead Gilgamesh to this ending. On page 99, lines 2-50 Gilgamesh comes off as a cocky and selfish young king. In a way Gilgamesh cannot help but to be the selfish king that he is because, he came into this personality due to his upbringing and surroundings and his overall being. Gilgamesh is the handsomest, strongest, and most powerful man in the world. He also is two thirds god and his father was the king before him. On more than one occasion, he forces sex from women. On page 101 lines 77-78 it says â€Å"Gilgamesh leaves no girl to her mother†. Gilgamesh doesn’t only do this because he thinks that he can get whatever he wants from anyone but to also show that he is above everyone and anything, even a man and his virgin bride. Gilgamesh takes the virginity of these girls simply to prove this point. Gilgamesh also has his building and endeavors completed through forced labor. This shows that Gilgamesh doesn’t play favoritism when it comes to who he exploits; he equally demises warriors, the nobles, and the servants as equally beneath him. It is not until he meets Enkidu that he gets a glimpse of true bonding. For the first time in Gilgamesh’s life he experiences love and companionship. Yes, Gilgamesh did have female interactions but it was never actual love. The friendship that Gilgamesh had with Enkidu helped him gain the feeling of love and was the first step to him being molded into a better person. He doesn’t feel the love automatically and definitely doesn’t feel it in its entirety until after Enkidu passes. In the epic Enkidu played the role of Gilgamesh’s faithful sidekick and unknowingly showed Gilgamesh traits that he subliminally wanted to see in him. A trait that is used in the book is on page 121 lines 25-33, Enkidu asks Gilgamesh â€Å"why do you raise such unworthy objections? Now you pule! You make me ill. Now, my friend, this has dragged on long enough. The time has come to pour the copper into the cold. Will you take another hour to blow the bellows, an hour more to let it cool? To launch the flood weapon, to weep the lash, Retreat not a foot, you must not turn back, let your eyes see all, let your low strike home! Enkidu subtly showed him what it took to be the best ruler out there and humbled him even. The friendship between Gilgamesh and Enkidu is more beneficial to Gilgamesh and in a way leads to Enkidu’s demise. You sow what you reap and so, the gods decided that they had to punish one of the two for the fanatical journeys they decided to take against the gods for being immortal. Enkidu’s sole purpose in being was related only to Gilgamesh, so it makes sense that Gilgamesh was the main beneficiary. On the other hand, Gilgamesh changed from a wild man to a principled one. Just when it’s thought that one does more to better the other, it balances back out. That’s why they’re so equally matched. Although there were many, one particular adventure pushed the gods to their limits and caused Enkidu his life. Gilgamesh rejects the goddess of love’s affection. Infuriated, she had her father, Anu (the god of the sky) send the Bull of Heaven to penalize Gilgamesh. Always being by each other’s sides, Gilgamesh and Enkidu slay the bull. It was after this event that the gods met together in assembly and decided one of the two great men had to go. Enkidu suffers from great illness until he finally perishes. Even in death, Enkidu guides Gilgamesh down the right path. Page 132-134 lines 1-85 explain how when Enkidu dies Gilgamesh rids himself of his glory, wealth, and power with no remorse. Page 132-134 lines 1-85 explains how he felt about Enkidu leaving his side due to death by the gods. This action in itself shows you that Gilgamesh starts to make a change for the better. Enkidu dying is not the only event that helps to mold Gilgamesh into a better person. After Enkidu dies Gilgamesh decides to go on an expedition for the secret of eternal life. In lines 312-321 Gilgamesh does not find the secret to eternal life instead he finds knowledge to make him a better person and king overall. Uruk’s transformation, along with Gilgamesh’s is almost magical and immortal in itself. Gilgamesh accepts life for all that it is and accepts the wealth of the city he once ruled under a vicious hand as now plentiful and in superlative condition, which is better than any other riches in the world. Gilgamesh’s journey due to Enkidu’s death led to this realization. This shows how strong there bond is and how true friendship is enchanted.

Classification Essay - Evolution of the Motorcycle Rider

Evolution of the Motorcycle Rider My first motorcycle was a Kawasaki Eliminator 250 street bike. I consider it to have been my training bike, and it was somewhat generic in the sense that it was not easily identifiable as a member of a specific style of motorcycle. And, more importantly, by associating with other riders, I realized that I was not easily identifiable as a member of a specific class of riders. Riders are a species all their own; and, though there are many sub-classes within a class, observation has shown that three main branches of evolution can account for most riders. The cruiser (Homo Draggusanus) variety is most often seen riding a vintage Harley or Indian-made motorcycle. He rides very low to the ground in a Ralph-Machio-crane-kick-like position-arms high and outstretched, knees bent, feet level with buttocks. Most cruisers are between thirty-five and sixty years old, but they always look fifty. If one is wearing a helmet at all, it is a small, open-faced helmet covering little more than the crown of his head. The helmet may contain a variety of markings, such as skulls with crossbones, or "Freedom" stickers that tend to match tattoos adorning the rider. The cruiser may have several metal objects hanging from various parts of his body, and he usually has matted facial hair that ranges from one-quarter inches to twelve inches in length. Members of this class also wear tattered bandanas, studded leather vests or jackets, "Born to Ride" T-shirts, or leather boots with spikes. Physically, the cruiser is generally unfit, with dark skin t hat is somehow both wrinkled and taut, and rotting, tobacco-stained teeth. Though most cruisers are docile unless provoked, a permanent scowl serves t... ...ner shirts that seem one size too small for them, and, whether or not they have facial hair, they are generally neat and clean. This class is the most easily approachable of the three and usually travels in single, male-female pairs. They are always coming or going, just passing through, and rarely know anyone in the area; yet tourers are the most friendly and outgoing of the classes. When choosing a motorcycle, one is, in effect, choosing into which class of rider he will eventually evolve. I have not yet decided into which class I would like to evolve. For this reason, I have not yet decided what type of motorcycle will be my second. My decision will rest on a careful consideration of the desirable and undesirable qualities of the different classes. Who knows? Maybe I will begin a new branch of evolution and start a completely new class all my own.

Booth Multiplier

Low Power Booth Multiplier by Effective Capacitance Minimization P. Nageshwar Reddy Dr. Damu Radhakrishnan Stu. in SUNY, New Paltz, NY Prof. in SUNY, New Paltz, NY Abstract: In this paper we present an energy efficient parallel multiplier design based on effective capacitance minimization. Only the partial product reduction stage in the multiplier is considered in our research. The effective capacitance is the product of capacitance and switching activity. Hence to minimize the effective capacitance in our design, we decided to ensure that the switching activity of nodes with higher capacitances is kept to a minimum.This is achieved in our design by wiring the higher switching activity signals to nodes with lower capacitance and vice versa for the 4:2 compressor and full adder cells, assuming the initial probability of each partial product bit as 0. 25. This reduced the overall switching capacitance, thereby reducing the total power consumption in the multiplier. Power analysis is do ne by synthesizing our design on Spartan-3E FPGA and used XPower Analyzer tool that is provided in ISE Xilinx 10. 1. The dynamic power for our 16? 16 multiplier was measured as 360. 4mW, and the total power 443. 31mW. This is 17. 4% less compared to the most recent design. Also we noticed that our design has the lowest power-delay product compared to the multiplier presented in the literature. Index Terms- Booth multiplier, Effective capacitance, 4:2 compressor. 1. Introduction A multiplier is the most frequently used fundamental arithmetic unit in various digital systems such as computers, process controllers and signal processors. Thus it has become a major source of power dissipation in these digital systems.With the exponential growth of portable systems that are operated on batteries, power reduction has become one of the primary design constraints in recent years. In the present era, each and every electronic device is implemented using CMOS technology. The three major sources of power dissipation in digital CMOS circuits are dynamic, short circuit and leakage [1]. Generally, power reduction techniques aim at minimizing all the above mentioned power dissipation sources but our emphasis is on dynamic power dissipation as it dominates other power dissipation sources in digitalCMOS circuits. The switching or dynamic power dissipation occurs due to the charging and discharging of capacitors at different nodes in a circuit [2]. The average dynamic power consumption of a digital circuit with N nodes is given by: where VDD is the supply voltage, Ci is the load capacitance at node i, fCLK is the clock frequency and ? i is the switching activity at node i. The product of switching activity and load capacitance at a node is called effective capacitance.Assuming only one logic change per clock cycle, the switching activity at a node i can be defined as the probability that the logic value at the node changes (0->1 or 1->0) between two consecutive clock cycles . For a given logic element, the switching activity at its output(s) can be computed using the probability of its inputs and is given by: where and denote the probability of occurrence of a ‘one’ and ‘zero’ at node i respectively. When Pi = 0. 5, the switching activity at a node is maximum and it decreases as it goes towards the two extreme values (i. e. both from 0. to 0 and 0. 5 to 1). The two main low power design strategies for dynamic power reduction are based on (i) supply voltage reduction and (ii) the effective capacitance minimization. The reduction of supply voltage is one of the most aggressive techniques because the power savings are significant due to the quadratic dependence on VDD. Although such reduction is usually very effective, it increases leakage current in the transistors and also decreases circuit speed. The minimization of effective switching capacitance involves reducing switching activity or node capacitance.The node capacitance de pends on the integration technology used. To reduce switching activity only requires a detailed analysis of signal transition probabilities, and implementation of various circuit level design techniques, such as logic synthesis optimization and balanced paths. It is independent of the technology used and is less expensive. Admiring the advantages of switching activity reduction, this paper focuses on switching activity reduction techniques in a multiplier. Digital Multiplication is done in three steps in a Booth coded multiplier.The first step is to generate all the partial products in parallel using Booth recoding. In the second step these partial products are reduced to 2 operands in several stages by applying Wallace/Dadda rules. These stages follow one after the other, feeding the output of one stage to the next. The final step is adding the two operands using a carry propagate adder to produce the final sum. Our main focus in this paper is the second step, partial product reduc tion. Fig. 1 shows the modified Dadda reduction tree for a 6? 6 unsigned multiplier, which uses full adders (FA) and half adders (HA) as basic elements.Stage 1 is the rearranged 6? 6 unsigned partial product array obtained using the partial product generator. At every partial product reduction(PPR) stage the number of bits with the same order (bits in a column) are grouped together and connected to adder cells following Dadda’s rules. Each column represents partial products of a certain magnitude. The sum output of a FA or HA at one stage will place a dot in the same column at the next stage and an output carry in the column to the left in the next stage (i. e. one order of magnitude higher). Fig. 1. Modified Dadda reduction tree for 6? unsigned multiplication The Wallace and Dadda designs use only FAs and HAs in the reduction stages, which form an irregular layout and increases wiring complexity. Wiring complexity is a measure of power. Since then Weinberger [3] has proposed a 4:2 compressor, the majority of the multiplier designs today make use of 4:2 compressors to increase the performance of the multiplier. They also contribute to power reduction as they decrease the wiring capacitance due to a more regular layout, contributing to fewer transitions in the partial product reduction tree. It also reduces hardware cost.The design of the 4:2 compressor got impoved in time, and modified design presented by Jiang et al. claimed improvements in both delay and power dissipation compared to earlier designs [4]. Several logic and circuit level optimizations are possible by using higher order compressors instead of simple FA cells for reducing the number of transitions in the partial product reduction stage. Because of this we used 4:2 compressors, FA (3:2 compressor) and HA cells in our partial product reduction stages. We reduced the switching activity by minimizing the effective capacitance at every node in the circuit.This stands as the main focus of this paper. This paper is organized as follows: related research in section 2 and 2. Related Research Many researchers have elucidated different low power multiplier architectures by using different techniques to reduce the total switching activity in a multiplier [ ]-[ ]. Ohban, et al. proposed a low power multiplier using the so called bypassing technique [5]. The main idea of their approach is to minimize the signal transitions while adding zero valued partial products. This is done by bypassing the adder stage whenever the multiplier bit is zero.Masayuki, et al. proposed an algorithm using operand decomposition technique [6]. They decomposed the multiplicand and the multiplier into 4 operands and using them they generated twice the number of partial products compared to the conventional multiplier. By doing this, they reduced the one probability of each partial product bit to 1/8 while it is 1/4 in the conventional multipliers. This in turn decreases the switching probability. Chen, et al. proposed a multiplier based on effective dynamic range of the input data [7].If the data with smaller effective dynamic range is Booth coded then the partial products have greater chances to be zero, which decreases the switching activities of partial products. Fujino, et al. proposed a multiply accumulate design using dynamic operand transformation technique in which current values of the input is compared with previous values [8]. If more than half of the bits in an operand change then it is dynamically transformed to its two’s complement in order to decrease the transition activity during multiplication. Chen, et al. roposed a low power multiplier, which uses spurious power suppression technique (SPST) equipped Booth encoder [9]. The SPST uses a detection logic circuit to detect whether the Booth encoder is calculating redundant computations which yield in Zero partial product and stops such PP generation process. To implement the basic principles used in all the ab ove mentioned multiplier architectures not only increase hardware intensity but also introduce delay in the operation. Also the extra circuitry employed to implement them consumes power.So our research interest is focused on techniques which decrease power without introducing any delay and additional hardware. Oskuii et al. proposed an algorithm based on static probabilities at the primary inputs [10]. At every PP reduction stage the number of bits with the same order of magnitude (bits in a column) are grouped together and connected to the adder cells in a Dadda tree. The selection of these bits and their grouping influences the overall switching activity of the multiplier. This was illustrated in Oskuii’s paper by referring to an early work, which is described below. Only one column per stage is considered here. As the generated carry bits from adders propagate from LSB towards MSB, optimization of columns is performed from LSB to MSB and from first stage to last stage. Thu s it can be ensured that the optimization of columns and stages that has already been performed will still be valid when later optimizations are being performed. * Glitches and spurious transitions spread in the reduction stage after a few layers of combinational logic. To avoid them is not feasible in most cases. Therefore it seems beneficial to assign short paths to partial products having high switching activity.Oskuii’s goal was to reduce the power in Dadda trees. The one probability for sum and carry of the FA and HA can be calculated from their functional behavior [10]. According to Oskuii’s algorithm, assuming the switching probabilities of partial products in a particular stage are calculated using the previous stage one probabilities and in each column and they arranged these partial product bits in ascending order. They first use the lower switching probability bits to feed full and half adders and transfer the higher switching probability bits to the next st age.From the set of bits to feed adders they tried to feed the highest switching probability signal to the carry input of the full adder as its path in full- adder is shorter than the other two inputs. Fig. 2. Example to illustrate Oskuii’s approach [10] Fig. 2 gives an example where 7 bits with the same order of magnitude are to be added. This is shown as the shaded box in the 2nd group of bits from top in Fig. 2. According to Dadda rules of reducing a partial product tree, 2 FAs must be used and one bit will be passed to the next stage together with the sum and carry bits generated by the full adders. s for i varying from 1 to 7 represent the switching probabilities of the seven bits. These are sorted in ascending order and listed as ? i* with the highest one as ? 1*. According to their approach, the bit with highest switching activity is kept for the next stage i. e. in Fig. 3. 2, and assign and to the carry inputs of the two FAs as their path is shorter and the other bits to the remaining inputs of FAs in any order. In this way they reduced the partial product tree by bringing the highest transition probability bits more closer to the output such that it reduces the total power in the multiplier without any extra hardware cost.Oskuii claimed that power reduction varying from 4% to 17% in multiplier designs could be achieved using their approach. On careful analysis of Oskuii’s work we notice that further reduction in power can be achieved. This is elaborated in our design presented in the next section. 3. Proposed Work By using a partial product generator (PPG) for the n? n multiplier employing radix-4 Booth encoder we obtained the required partial products. These partial products are then reduced to 2 operands employing several partial product reduction (PPR) stages. We used a combination of 4:2 compressors, FAs and HAs in reduction stages.At each stage modified Dadda rules are applied to obtain operands for the next stage. While minimizing the partial product bits in each column using 4:2/3:2 compressors and HA cells, emphasis was given on higher speed and lower power. Higher speed is achieved by allowing the partial product bits to pass through a minimum number of reduction stages, while minimizing the final carry propagate adder length to the minimum. Fig. 3. Proposed PPG scheme for a 16? 16 multiplier Fig. 3 shows the proposed partial product reduction scheme for a 16? 16 parallel multiplier.Nine partial products obtained by PPG are reduced to 2 operands using 3 reduction stages. The vertical green boxes in each column represent 4:2 compressors. It takes five bits and reduces them into 3 output bits, one sum bit in the same column position and two carry bits in the next higher significant column (one bit left) of next stage. The vertical red boxes represent full adder cells, which reduce three partial product bits in a column and generate the sum and carry bits. Similarly, the vertical blue boxes represent half add ers and add two partial product bits to reduce it to 2 output bits.The order in which the inputs are fed to 4:2 compressor, full and half adders is discussed in the next section. In Fig. 3 the maximum number of partial products in a column is 8 (columns 14 to 17). Since we are using 4:2 compressors that can take up to 5 input bits, to reduce the partial products in the first stage, we want to make sure that the maximum number of partial products in the next stage is only 5. This way we can reduce the bits in each column in stage 2 using one level of 4:2 compressors. And in the third stage, we want to ensure that the maximum number of bits in any column is only 3, so that full adders can be used to add them.This will permit the whole reduction process to be achieved in 3 stages. The half adder in column 2 in reduction stage 1 and the full adder in column 3 in reduction stage 2 are used so as to minimize the size of the final carry propagate adder. 4. Power Reduction Once the minimum number of reduction stages is established for a design, the next criterion is to minimize power consumption. This is achieved by delay passing and reducing the effective capacitance at every node in the reduction stages also following Oskuii’s rules (discussed in Section 2).To minimize the effective switching activity, the design must ensure that the switching activity of nodes with higher capacitance value must be kept to a minimum. This is achieved by a special interconnection pattern used in our design. The higher switching activity signals are wired to nodes with lower capacitance and vice versa. Our multiplier design uses the above idea to minimize power. This paper therefore focuses on selective interconnection of signals to the inputs of 4:2 compressors and FAs and HAs using the above concept.The logic diagram and the input capacitances for a full adder are shown in Fig. 4(a). For the following we will assume that each and every input lead to a logic gate is considered as one unit load (C1). Hence if a signal is connected to the inputs of two logic gates, then the load is two units (C2). From the logic diagram of the full adder in Fig. 4(a), input B is connected only to an XOR gate, where as inputs A and C are connected to both an XOR and a Mux. Hence, the input capacitance of the B-input is smaller than the other two inputs.The load presented by the B input is one unit load, while the loads presented by A and C are 2 unit loads. Hence a transition on input B will result in less effective capacitance. This is represented by the capacitance values C1 (1 unit load) and C2 (2 unit loads) as shown in Fig. 4. 9. Again by comparing the three inputs, the C input goes through only one logic device (XOR gate or Mux) before it reaches the output, where as both A and B goes through two logic devices before reaching the output. Hence, a transition on any of the inputs A or B could result in output transitions on all the three logic devices.But a transition o n input C will affect only two of these logic devices. Therefore we can conclude that even though the inputs A and C represent the same load, the overall switching effect on the full adder due to C input will be less than that due to A input. Hence, as a rule of thumb, the first two higher transition inputs among a set of three inputs that are given to a full adder should be connected to the B and C inputs and the last one to A. (a) (b) Fig. 4. a) FA logic diagram and input capacitances (b) 4:2 compressor logic diagram and input capacitances Similarly, the logic diagram of a 4:2 compressor and its input capacitances are shown in Fig. 4. (b). The input capacitances presented by X1, X3, X4 and Cin are twice that presented by X2. Hence, the highest transition probability signal must be connected to the X2 input. Again by using a similar argument as in the full adder, the second highest transition probability signal must be given to the Cin. The remaining inputs are given to X1, X3 and X4 in any order. This minimizes the overall effective capacitance in a 4:2 compressor.The probability of a logic one at the output of any block is a function of the probability of a logic one at its inputs [11] [12]. From the logic functions of 4:2 compressor, FA and HA we can calculate their output probabilities knowing their input probabilities. Table 2: Probability equations for 4:2 Compressor | 4:2 Compressor| PSUM| | PCout| | PC0| | Table 1 shows the probability expression for the sum and carry outputs for the full adder and half adder in terms of their input signal probabilities. The 4:2 compressor output probabilities are shown in Table 2. By comparingTables 1 and 2 we can say that the statistical probabilities of the output signals of basic elements (4:2 compressors, full adders and half adders) used in partial product reduction stages vary. Table 3 shows the output signal probabilities of 4:2 compressor, full adder and half adder, assuming equal ‘1’ probabiliti es of 0. 25 for all inputs. In each partial product reduction stage the signals in a particular column have different switching probabilities. The output signals of one stage become inputs to the next stage. So the switching probabilities of the outputs diverge more as we move down the partial production reduction stages.Table 3. 1: Output Signal Probabilities of FAs and HAs | Full-adder| Half adder| SUM| | | CARRY| | A. B| PSUM| | | PCARRY| | | Table 3: Output probabilities of 4:2 compressor and adder cells Input signal probabilities = 0. 25| 4:2 compressor| Full adder| Half adder| SumCoutC0| 0. 48440. 15630. 2266| SumCarry| 0. 43750. 1563| SumCarry| 0. 3750. 0625| Several reduction stages are required to reduce the partial products generated in a parallel multiplier. As shown in Fig. 3, at each stage a number of bits with the same order of magnitude are grouped together and connected to the 4:2 compressors and adder cells.The selection of these bits and their grouping influences t he overall switching activity of the multiplier. This is what we will exploit to reduce the overall switching activity of the multiplier. Fig. 5 shows the array structure of the proposed partial product reduction scheme for a 16? 16 multiplier. In the following we assumed that the one probability of all the 9 partial product bits are same and is equal to 0. 25 (as discussed in Section 3. 26). These 9 partial product bits are fed to 4:2 compressors, full and half adders and are reduced to 5 operands. The bits in these 5 operands will have different one probabilities.From these one probabilities we can calculate their switching probability. If we look at each column all the bits in that column have the same weight but different one probability. So we have enough freedom to choose any of these signals which can be connected to any of the inputs of the basic elements. The way these signals are wired to basic elements to achieve reduction will affect the total power consumption in a mult iplier. Show an example Fig 5 shows how we wired the input signals to 4:2 compressors and full adders in the proposed design. To illustrate the principle consider column 16 of reduction stage 2 in Fig. , where we have five bits with the same order of magnitude, which are to be wired to the inputs of a 4:2 compressor. The first higher transition bit is fed to X2 input and next higher transition bit is fed to Cin, as they provide lower switching activity when compared to others. The remaining three bits can be fed to X1, X3 and X4 in any order. Similarly on column 11 in reduction stage 3, three bits of the same order are to be added. The highest transition bit is given to B input of the adder and the next higher transition bit is fed to C input. The third bit is fed to A input.This way of feeding the inputs, we can decrease the output switching probabilities of compressors and adders. By applying the same technique to every stage we can reduce the overall switching capacitance of the multiplier, thereby reducing power. Fig. 5. Wiring patterns for 4:2 compressors and full adders 5. Simulation Power analysis was done by synthesizing our 16? 16 multiplier design on Spartan-3E FPGA and using XPower Analyzer tool provided in ISE Xilinx 10. 1. We evaluated the performance of our 16? 16 multiplier by comparing with the conventional Wallace and Oskuii’s multipliers.Table 4 shows the quiescent and dynamic powers of different multipliers obtained by simulation. The quiescent power is almost the same for all multipliers. The dynamic power for our design is only 360. 74 mW, where as Oskuii’s and Wallace multipliers consume 454. 06mW and 475. 08 mW respectively. Hence the total power consumption is only 443. 31mW for our multiplier, which is less by 17. 39% and 20. 51%, compared to Oskuii’s and Wallace multipliers. Table 4: Power reports from simulation for a 16? 16 Multiplier Design| QuiescentPower (mW)| DynamicPower (mW)| TotalPower (mW)| Our Design| 8 2. 7| 360. 74| 443. 31| Oskuii’s Design| 82. 57| 454. 06| 536. 63| WallaceMultiplier| 82. 67| 475. 08| 557. 75| Table 5 Power-Delay products of 16? 16 multipliers Design| Total Delay (ns)| Power (mW)| Power-Delay Product| Our Design| 30. 889| 443. 31| 13. 693*10-9| Oskuii’s Design| 31. 219| 536. 63| 16. 753*10-9| WallaceMultiplier| 35. 278| 557. 05| 19. 651*10-9| Table 5 shows the power-delay products of different multipliers. Smaller the power delay product of a multiplier the higher is its performance. Our design has the shortest delay of 30. 889ns, compared to 31. 219ns and 35. 78ns for Oskuii’s design and Wallace’s design respectively. Hence our design has the lowest power-delay product compared to both Oskuii’s and Wallace multipliers. 6. Conclusions We have presented an investigation of multiplier power dissipation, along with some techniques which allow reductions in power consumption for this circuit. Given the importance of multipliers, it is essential that further research efforts are to be directed in the following ways. * In this thesis the switching activity criteria for the interconnection pattern in 4:2 compressors was used only for two of the inputs of the 4:2 compressor.The interconnections of signals on the other three inputs are made without any importance given to their switching activity. This is because at the gate level, the load capacitance at a node is measured simply based on the number of connections made at that node. In the 4:2 compressor, three of the inputs are feeding two inputs each (except the carry input). Hence, we consider them with the same load capacitance. In reality, this is not true. To get an accurate estimate on capacitance, an actual layout of the cell has to be made using VLSI layout tools and then their capacitances are to be extracted.Hence further research could focus on the above so as to find an ordering for these inputs based on their capacitance values. Also, different impl ementations of 4:2 compressors may be compared so as to select the one with the lowest capacitance values. * Extending the proposed interconnection technique to the partial product reduction stage by employing higher order compressors such as 5:2, 9:2, 28:2, etc. In this manner, different architectures using various combinations of compressors in the partial product reduction stage can be compared so as to select the best one with the lowest power dissipation for any multiplier.References 1] D. Soudris, C. Piguet, and C. Goutiset , Designing CMOS Circuits for Low Power. Kluwer Academic Press, 2002. [2] L. Benini, G. D. 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